What does turbulence refer to in aviation?

Turbulence in aviation describes the irregular motions of the air that can affect an aircraft's stability and flight path. This phenomenon occurs due to various factors, such as changes in wind speed and direction, atmospheric pressure, and temperature variations. When an aircraft encounters turbulence, the pilot may feel sudden changes in altitude or direction, which can make the ride uncomfortable. Understanding turbulence is crucial for pilots, as they must anticipate and manage these irregular air movements to ensure the safety and comfort of flight.

The other options relate to aspects of aviation but do not accurately capture the essence of turbulence. Steady airflow is generally desirable for stable flight, while wind patterns can be a contributing factor to turbulence but do not encompass its definition. The effects of weather on landing involve a broader view of the impact of atmospheric conditions on that specific phase of flight, rather than directly addressing the concept of turbulence itself.